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Going through the older 2TB storage drives and comparing some of the data with the current NAS data, it is safe to assume the data corruption event started around mid-March 2023 and ended around early April 2023, months after the September 2022 upgrade. May 2023 is when the bad sectors were reallocated.
Seen this behavior on a suspect hard drive with pending bad sectors in August 2021: on a test Windows XP install using a suspect Seagate 320GB HDD, I copied a large archive to the NAS, then I copied that file to the test system. On the test system, the file was corrupt, even after a few retried copy attempts from the NAS. Of course, on the NAS, it was perfectly fine; hashes matched the one on the laptop but not on the test system. Final attempt was to copy that file to the test system using a USB stick, and that eventually worked.
Of course, without file system integrity checks, this is the result. I'm just usually very good at catching these so far.
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To be fair, the original NAS4Free/XigmaNAS build had no data integrity, either.
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New note on the file server, as written:
WARNING: THERE IS ZERO FILE INTEGRITY WHEN TRANSFERING [sic] FILES TO THIS FILE SERVER!
RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE IS TO CHECK FILE HASH BETWEEN SRC/DEST!
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Yes, transferring is misspelled; I only noticed an hour after I wrote the note! http://cwcyrix.nsupdate.info/gnu-social/public/url/34
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Seems some of Sis's video collection have different file hashes between her old laptop and the file server.
This happened before the NAS upgrade in September 2022, so I can rule out my RAID5 setup there. The original copies are still on the old laptop, so I am retrieving those now. But, something's up with the drive installed in the laptop.
I have since changed the RAM somewhere around April 2023. I have also found out that I can use unbuffered ECC RAM on the ASUS P5N-E SLI board; however, it may not actually use ECC on the system.
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Retrieved the data from the laptop drive and am now copying that data to the server as Unsorted.
Will leave a note at that directory regarding the new directory and the existing three: that some of the files have different checksums during transfer in 2021 (what we know so far, anyway).
I now suspect it was possibly RAM related somehow, as there were no known issues with these disks at that time.
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I also remembered: I also changed the SATA cables as well, though that was before the RAM upgrade, and there were still file corruption issues (though lessened) after the SATA cable replacements.
Probably a coincidence re: the cables. However, no more noticeable issues after the RAM upgrade. Seems the board has some odd memory quirks...